;e;a jro bf.kqu((Trial
and Error based Learning)
mqoa.,hd jeros l%shdldrlï weiqrska bf.kSu ,nhs¡
fuh .eg`t úioSfï ir, m%fõYhls¡ .eg`tjla úioSug flfkl= keUqre jkafka jeros iys;
h;ak oerSfukah¡ WodyrKhla f,i
¡l=vd orefjl= .sks is,la ÿgq úg th
l=ulaoehs fkoek th iam¾Y lrhs ¡ bka Tyqf.a w; ms,siafia th tyq jrola weiqrska
,nk w;aoelSuls¡ tu w;aoelSu fya;= fldg f.k Tyq f.a yeisrSu fjkia fjhs¡ .skaorg
ms,siafik nj oek.kakd Tyq kej; lsis oskl .skaor iam¾Y lsrSug W;aidy fkdorhs¡
bf.kSula isÿùuhkq mqoa., p¾hdfj ys fyj;a yeisrSfuys ia:djr fjkila f,i ufkda
úoHd{hska fmkajd oS ;sfí¡ fuu wdldrhg mqoa.,hd ,nk bf.kqu ;e;a jro bf.kquhs¡
;e;a jro bf.kqu ms<sn`o kHdhla
m%:ufhka bÈßm;a l< ufkda úoHd{hd weußl;a c;sl B't,a'f;dakavhsla
^1874-1949& h' bf.kSu isÿjk wdldrh wOHhkh lsßu msKsi f;dkavhska l=i.sks jQ
n<,l= mÍCIK fmÜáhla ;=<g oud" W!g fmÜáfhka msg; ;enQ lEu n÷kla
fmfkkakg ie,eiaùh' l=i.skafkka miqjk n<,d bka t<shg taug W;aidy lrhs'
fodrg iïnkaO lr ;snQ ,Kqjg fyda ;sßx.hg fyda jer§ulska Wf.a w; j§' ta wkqj fodr
úúD; ù n<,d t<shg ths' ta iu`.u wdydr ,efnhs' kej;;a n<,d l+vqjg ±uq
úg fmr mßÈu W;aidy ord t<shg meñKs w;r" l+vqjg ouk jdr .Kk jeä jk úg
t<shg tau i|yd ork m%hka;hkays § lrk jerÈ m%;spdr .Kk wvqjk nj f;dakavhslag
fmkS .sfhah' fuu mÍCIKh mokï lrf.k Tyq bf.kSu iïnkaOfhka my; ±lafjk kS;s ;=k
bÈßm;a lf<ah'
1' wNHdi kS;sh
2' M, kS;sh
3' iQodkï kS;sh hkqfjks'
fuys§ bf.ksula ,enqfõ ljqo@
,enq bf.kSu l=ulao@
tu p¾hdj ±lajqfha flfiao@
tys ia:djr njla we;ao@
hk m%Yak i,ld n,kak'
f;dakavhsla bÈßm;a l< bf.kSu
ms<sn| uQ,sl kS;s
1' wNHdi
kS;sh
m%fndaOlhla yd thg fokq ,nk
m%;spdrh w;r iïnkaO;djla f.dv kef.a' th bf.kquls' m%fndaOlh yd iïnkaOj m%;spdr
olajk jdr .Kk jeäjk ;rug tu m%fndaOlh yd m%;spdrh w;r f.dv ke.=Kq iïnkaO;djh
^nkaOkh& Yla;su;a fõ' m%;spdrfhys jdr .Kk jeäùu hkq th lSmjrla wNHdi lsÍuh'
ta wkqj wNHdih jeä jk ;rug m%fndaOh;a m%;spdrh;a w;r iïnkaO;dj ;yjqre fõ' wfkla
w;g wNHdi wvqj;au m%fndaOh;a m%;spdrh;a w;r iïnkaO;d ÿ¾j, fõ'
fuu wNHdi ms<sn| kS;sh
.=rejrhdg mx;s ldurfha bf.kqï b.ekakqï wjia:dj, my; wdldrfhka fhdod .; yelsh'
1' YsIHhska ,nk ±kqu yd w;a±lSï kej; kej;
Ndú;h i|yd iqÿiq wjia:d ,nd §u'
2' YsIHhskaf.a iaurKh ÈhqKq lsÍu i|yd
W.;a lrKq kej; kej; mqkÍCIKhg ,la lsßu'
3' m%fndaOl" m%;spdr nkaOk ;yjqre ùu
msKsi ks;r ks;r wNHdi §u'
2' M, kS;sh
bf.kqula isÿùug kï hï M,hla ,eìh
hq;=h' f;dakavhsla f.a iïmÍCIKhg fhdod.;a n<,d l+vqfjys fodr wer .ekSug
bf.kSula ,oafoa tu bf.kqï fya;= fldg f.k lEu ,eîug yels ùu ksid h' th fï
l%shdjka n<,d ,;a M,hls' tu M,h fkdjkakg n<,dg hf:dala; bf.kqu ,eîfï
wjYH;djla fkdjkafkah' fï ksid f;dakavhsla f.a m%fndaOl - m%;spdr ixfhdack kHdh"
bf.kqula isÿùu i|yd bf.kSu u.ska lsishï M,hla mqoa.,hdg w;aúh hq;= nj wjOdrKh
flf¾' M,h ms<sn| kS;sh mx;s ldurh ;=< bf.kqï l%shdj,sh iïnkaOfhka fhdod
.ekSu i|yd my; ±lafjk l%shdud¾. .=rjrhdg wkq.ukh l< yelsh'
1' mx;s ldur bf.kqï wjia:d m%ikak tajd úh
hq;=h' .=rejrhd ;u b.ekaùfï ld¾hfhka <uhskag m%s;shla N=la;s ú§ug wjia:djla
,efnk f,i lghq;= ixúOdkh l< hq;=h'
2' bf.kqï w;a±lSï w¾:j;a úh hq;=h' tajd
<uhskaf.a Ôú;hg wod< úh hq;=h'
3' bf.kqï w;a±lSï ixúOdkh l< hq;af;a
l%ufhka YsIHhskag i;=gqodhl m%;sM, w;ajk wkaough'
iQodkï kS;sh
fuhska woyia jkqfha ixis|úh yels
ixfhdackhla l%shd;aul lsÍug iqodkï j mj;sk úg§" th l%shd;aul lsÍfuka
mqoa.,hdg ;Dma;shla ,nk njh' fï wkqj lsishï m%fndaOl m%;spdr nkaOkhla l%shd;aul
lsÍul mqoa.,hl= iQodkï ke;s úg th n,fhka l%shd;aul lrùug W;aidy ±Ífuka tu mqoa.,hdg
wi;=gla we;s lrjhs' ixfhdackhla l%shd;aul lsÍfï iQodku mqoa.,hl=f.a w;a±lSï yd
mßK;sh u; rod mj;s'
iQodkï kS;sh mx;s ldur wjia:d j,§
fhdod .; yelafla flfiao@ YsIHhska bf.kSfï lghq;= i|yd iQodkï jk ;=re b.ekaùfï
ld¾h fhys ksr; úh hq;= ke;' tu ksid YsIHhska thg iQodkï lsÍu i|yd iqÿiq wNHdi
Èh hq;=h' fujeks iQodkï lsÍfuys wNHdi u.ska YsIHhskaf.a udkisl iQodku blauKska
we;s l< yelsh' tfiau úúO úIhhka iïnkaO wNsfhda.;d mÍCIK u.ska <uhskaf.a
iQodkï f;areu f.k b.ekaùfï lghq;= ixúOdkh l< yels fõ' ( fuys bx.%sis mrsj¾;kh my; oelafõ
Trial-and-Error Learning Theory
The experimental study of animal learning
by E. L. Thorndike (1874-1949) in the United States and his theory on
trial-and-error learning provided the impetus for Skinner's experiments on
instrumental or operant conditioning. Thorndike's doctoral research on 'Animal
Intelligence' in 1898 provided the psychological world the first miniature
system of learning known as trial-and-error learning.
Trial & Error is based on random
activities to reach the goal. Thorndike's research on animals showed that
learning is a matter of connecting responses to stimuli in a very mechanical
way. There is no involvement of consciousness, thinking, reasoning or
understanding. The animal performs responses mechanically. The responses that
bring reward are learned; the responses that do not bring reward are not learned.
The animal does not show ability to understand, think, and reason. The animal
learns mechanically through trial-and-error.
Indeed many forms of human learning,
particularly the learning of sensory- motor skills, are achieved through
trial-and-error. Learning to walk, to swim, or to ride a bicycle is based on
trial-and-error. At the beginning, we make wrong movements and commit errors.
As we go through a series of practice trials, errors are reduced and responses
are mastered. The gradual reduction of errors over trials gives the name,
trial-and-error form of learning.
Thorndike’s Experiment on Cat:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_detailpage&v=rp_MwICR7KA
His classic experiment used a hungry cat as
the subject, a piece of fish as the reward, and a puzzle box as the instrument
for studying trial-and-error learning.
In this typical experiment, a hungry cat
was placed inside the puzzle box, and a piece of fish was kept outside the box.
The cat could not reach the fish unless it opened the door. In order to escape
from the box, the cat had to perform a simple action as required by the
experimenter. The cat had to pull a loop or press a lever in order to open the
door. Once the door was opened, the cat could escape and get the fish as a
reward.
First
Trial:
Hungry cat is placed inside the box. Fish
kept outside the box work as a motive. Cat started doing random movements for
getting food. Cat squeeze through opening, claws and bites at the bars of
wires, thrust its paws through any opening. All the irrelevant responses
continued for several minutes until the cat hit upon the correct response, by
chance. Hungry cat came out and got its reward i.e. fish.
Second
Trial:
Hungry cat placed in a puzzle box. Fish
kept outside the box worked as a motive. To get out of the box cat again did
random movements. But cat took less time to come out from the box.
With increasing trials, the time taken to
pull the loop (response latency) decreased. The wrong responses (errors) that
the cat was showing also decreased, as trials increased. Finally, the cat
learned the trick. As soon as it was put in the box, it pulled the loop to
escape for a well-deserved reward. The name, trial-and-error learning comes
from the fact that errors decreased over trials. The cat learned from its
errors.
Experiment
sums up the following stages in the process of learning:
Trial & Error is based on random
activities to reach the goal. Random activities are block or hinderances,
drive, goal, random movements, multiple response, chance, success, selection
and fixation.
- Drive: Hungry cat intensified by the sight of the
food.
- Goal: To get food by getting out of the box.
- Block: The cat was confined in the box with a closed
door.
- Random movements: The cat persistently tried to come
out of the box without knowing how.
- Chance success: Striving and random movements the
cat by chance succeeded in opening the door.
- Selection: Gradually cat recognized the correct way
to manipulate the latch.
- Fixation: At last cat learned the proper way to open
the door by eliminating all the incorrect responses &
fixing only the right response.
Thorndike's Laws of Learning:
1)
Law of Effect:
According to the law of effect, responses
that are immediately followed by a satisfactory outcome become more strongly
associated with the situation and are therefore more likely to occur again in
the future. Conversely, responses followed by negative outcomes become more
weakly associated and less likely to reoccur in the future.
If the behaviour is followed by something
positive = it will get repeated and strengthened
If the behaviour is followed by something
negative = it will get weakened and will not be repeated.
2)
Law of Recency:
The most recent response or any behaviour
or activity which is happened recently is most likely to reoccur. According to
this law what is learned most recently is remembered best. And that is why
those reviews right before the test are so very important.
3)
Law of Frequency:
According to the law of frequency, the
stimulus-response (S-R) associations are strengthened through repetition or
weakened through lack of repetition. Any activity or behaviour which is
repeated many times, becomes permanent.
4)
Law of Exercise:
Sometimes the law of recency and the law of
frequency together is called the law of exercise. It has two parts; the law of
use and the law of disuse.
- Law of use- the more often an association is used
the stronger it becomes.
- Law of disuse- the longer an association is unused
the weaker it becomes.
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